Anxiety: A Source of Test Bias?
Keywords:
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety, Individual Learner Differences, Test Anxiety, Test Bias, Test Performance
Abstract
The present study investigated the foreign language classroom anxiety and test anxiety as sources of bias in English vocabulary and grammar tests. First, 158 intermediate EFL learners were selected as the participants. Second, the participants respectively took the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986), Test Anxiety Scale (In’nami, 2006), the vocabulary test of the study, and the grammar test of the study in a 2-week period. The standard multiple regression was employed for data analysis. The results revealed that, classroom anxiety and test anxiety had significant negative correlations with the vocabulary and grammar test results.
References
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Alpert, R., & Haber, R. N. (1960).Anxiety in academic achievement situations.Journal of Abnormal and Social psychology, 61(10), 207-215.
Arnold, J. (1999). Affective language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Arnold, J., & Brown, H. D. (1999).A map of the terrain.In J. Arnold (Ed.), Affect in language learning (pp. 1–24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bailey, K. (1983). Competitiveness and anxiety in adult second language learning: Looking at and through the diary studies. In H. Seliger& M. Long (Eds.), Classroom-oriented research in second language acquisition (pp. 67-102). Rowley: Newbury House.
Birjandi, P., &Alemis, M. (2010).The impact of test anxiety on test performance among Iranian EFL learners.Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 1(4), 44-58.
Bley-Vroman, R. (1988). The fundamental character of foreign language learning. In W. Rutherford & M. Sharwood Smith (Eds.), Grammar and second language teaching: A book of readings (pp. 19-30). New York: Newbury House.
Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of language learning and teaching (5th Ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
Carroll, J. B. (1981). Twenty-five years of research in foreign language aptitude. In K. C. Diller (Ed.), Individual differences and universals in languagelearning aptitude(pp. 83-118). Rowley: Newbury House.
Chastain, K. (1975). Affective and ability factors in second language acquisition.Language Learning, 25(1), 153-161.
Clark, E. V. (2009). First language acquisition (2nd Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Creswell, J. W. (2011). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th Ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ellis, R. (2004). Individual differences in second language learning. In A. Davies & C. Elder (Eds.), The handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 525–551). Oxford: Blackwell.
Ellis, R. (2008). The study ofsecond language acquisition (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Farhady, H. (1982). Measures of language proficiency from the learner’s perspective.TESOL Quarterly, 16(1), 43-59.
Ganschow, L., & Sparks, R. (1996).Anxiety about foreign language learning among high school women.The Modern Language Journal, 80(2), 199-212.
Gliksman, L., Gardner, R. C., Smythe, P. (1982). The role of integrative motivation on students’ participation in the French classroom.Canadian Modern Language Review, 38(3), 625-647.
Gregersen, T., &Horwitz, E. K. (2002). Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious and non-anxious language learners’ reaction to their own oral performance. The Modern Language Journal, 86(4), 562-570.
Hansen, J., &Stansfield, C. (1981).The relationship between field dependent-independent cognitive styles and foreign language achievement.Language Learning, 31(2), 349-367.
Harris, D. P. (1969).Testing English as a second language. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Horwitz, E. K. (1986). Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of a foreign language anxiety scale.TESOL Quarterly, 20(3), 559-562.
Horwitz, E. K. (2000). Teachers and students, students and teachers: An ever-evolving partnership. The Modern Language Journal, 84(4), 523-535.
Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21(2), 112–126.
Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986).Foreign language classroom anxiety.Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125–132.
Horwitz, E. K., & Young, D. (1991).Language learning anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
In’nami, Y. (2006). The effects of test anxiety on listening test performance. System, 34 (3), 317-340.
Joy, J. L. (2013). The altitude of test anxiety among second language learners.Language Testing in Asia. 3(4), 1-10.
Kleijn, W. C., Van der Ploeg, H. M., Topman, R. M. (1994). Cognition, study habits, test anxiety, and academic performance. Psychological Reports, 75(3), 1219-1226.
Kleinmann, H. (1978). The strategy of avoidance in adult second language acquisition. In W. Ritchie (Ed.), Second language acquisition research (pp. 157-174). New York: Academic Press.
Knox, D., Schacht, C., Turner, J. (1993). Virtual reality: A proposal for treating test anxiety in college students. College Student Journal, 27(3), 294-296.
Lee, L., &Gundersen, E. (2011).Intermediate select readings. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lesly, T., Hansen, Ch., &Zukowski, J. (2003).New interchange passages placement and evaluation package. New York: Cambridge University Press.
MacIntyre, P. D. (1999). Language anxiety: A review of the research for language teachers. In D. J. Young (Ed.), Affect in foreign language and second language learning (pp. 24–45). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
MacIntyre, P. D. (2002). Motivation, anxiety and emotion in second language acquisition. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Individual differences in second language acquisition (pp. 45–68). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. (1989). Anxiety and second language learning: Toward a theoretical clarification. Language Learning, 39(2), 251-275.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Language anxiety: Its relation to other anxieties and to processing in native and second languages. LanguageLearning, 41(4), 513–534.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994).The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language.Language Learning, 44(2), 283–305.
Mackey, A., &Gass, S. (2016). Second language research: Methodology and design (2nd Ed.). New York: Tylor and Francis.
Matsumuto, K. (1987). Factors involved in the L2 learning process. Japan Association for Language Teaching Journal, 11(2), 167-192.
Oxford, R. L. (1992). Who are our students? A synthesis of foreign and second language research on individual differences with implications for instructional practice.TESL Canada Journal, 9(2), 30-49.
Oxford, R. L. (1999). Anxiety and the language learner: New insights. In J. Arnold (Ed.), Affect in language learning (pp. 58–67). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (3rd Ed.). Berkshire: McGraw-Hill House.
Pramuktiyono, A., & Wardhono, A. (2016). Foreign Language Anxiety and Beliefs of EFL Learners At Indonesia. Indonesian EFL Journal: Journal of ELT, Linguistics, and Literature, 2(1):14-36.
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (2010).Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics (4th Ed.). Edinburg: Pearson Education.
Salehi, M., &Marefat, F. (2014). The effects of foreign language anxiety and test anxiety on foreign language test performance. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(5), 931-940.
Sarason, I. G. (1975). The test anxiety scale: Concept and research. In I. G. Sarason& C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (pp. 193-217). Washington: Hemisphere.
Scovel, T. (1978). The effect of affect on foreign language learning: A review of the anxiety research. Language Learning, 28(1), 129-142.
Sieber, J. E. (1980). Defining test anxiety: Problems and approaches. In I. G. Sarason (Ed.).Test anxiety: Theory, research and applications (pp. 15-42). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Skehan, P. (1989). Individual differences in second language learning. London: Edward Arnold.
Spielberger, C. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Young, D. J. (1999).Affect in foreign language and second language learning. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Alpert, R., & Haber, R. N. (1960).Anxiety in academic achievement situations.Journal of Abnormal and Social psychology, 61(10), 207-215.
Arnold, J. (1999). Affective language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Arnold, J., & Brown, H. D. (1999).A map of the terrain.In J. Arnold (Ed.), Affect in language learning (pp. 1–24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bailey, K. (1983). Competitiveness and anxiety in adult second language learning: Looking at and through the diary studies. In H. Seliger& M. Long (Eds.), Classroom-oriented research in second language acquisition (pp. 67-102). Rowley: Newbury House.
Birjandi, P., &Alemis, M. (2010).The impact of test anxiety on test performance among Iranian EFL learners.Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 1(4), 44-58.
Bley-Vroman, R. (1988). The fundamental character of foreign language learning. In W. Rutherford & M. Sharwood Smith (Eds.), Grammar and second language teaching: A book of readings (pp. 19-30). New York: Newbury House.
Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of language learning and teaching (5th Ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
Carroll, J. B. (1981). Twenty-five years of research in foreign language aptitude. In K. C. Diller (Ed.), Individual differences and universals in languagelearning aptitude(pp. 83-118). Rowley: Newbury House.
Chastain, K. (1975). Affective and ability factors in second language acquisition.Language Learning, 25(1), 153-161.
Clark, E. V. (2009). First language acquisition (2nd Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Creswell, J. W. (2011). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th Ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ellis, R. (2004). Individual differences in second language learning. In A. Davies & C. Elder (Eds.), The handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 525–551). Oxford: Blackwell.
Ellis, R. (2008). The study ofsecond language acquisition (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Farhady, H. (1982). Measures of language proficiency from the learner’s perspective.TESOL Quarterly, 16(1), 43-59.
Ganschow, L., & Sparks, R. (1996).Anxiety about foreign language learning among high school women.The Modern Language Journal, 80(2), 199-212.
Gliksman, L., Gardner, R. C., Smythe, P. (1982). The role of integrative motivation on students’ participation in the French classroom.Canadian Modern Language Review, 38(3), 625-647.
Gregersen, T., &Horwitz, E. K. (2002). Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious and non-anxious language learners’ reaction to their own oral performance. The Modern Language Journal, 86(4), 562-570.
Hansen, J., &Stansfield, C. (1981).The relationship between field dependent-independent cognitive styles and foreign language achievement.Language Learning, 31(2), 349-367.
Harris, D. P. (1969).Testing English as a second language. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Horwitz, E. K. (1986). Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of a foreign language anxiety scale.TESOL Quarterly, 20(3), 559-562.
Horwitz, E. K. (2000). Teachers and students, students and teachers: An ever-evolving partnership. The Modern Language Journal, 84(4), 523-535.
Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21(2), 112–126.
Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986).Foreign language classroom anxiety.Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125–132.
Horwitz, E. K., & Young, D. (1991).Language learning anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
In’nami, Y. (2006). The effects of test anxiety on listening test performance. System, 34 (3), 317-340.
Joy, J. L. (2013). The altitude of test anxiety among second language learners.Language Testing in Asia. 3(4), 1-10.
Kleijn, W. C., Van der Ploeg, H. M., Topman, R. M. (1994). Cognition, study habits, test anxiety, and academic performance. Psychological Reports, 75(3), 1219-1226.
Kleinmann, H. (1978). The strategy of avoidance in adult second language acquisition. In W. Ritchie (Ed.), Second language acquisition research (pp. 157-174). New York: Academic Press.
Knox, D., Schacht, C., Turner, J. (1993). Virtual reality: A proposal for treating test anxiety in college students. College Student Journal, 27(3), 294-296.
Lee, L., &Gundersen, E. (2011).Intermediate select readings. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lesly, T., Hansen, Ch., &Zukowski, J. (2003).New interchange passages placement and evaluation package. New York: Cambridge University Press.
MacIntyre, P. D. (1999). Language anxiety: A review of the research for language teachers. In D. J. Young (Ed.), Affect in foreign language and second language learning (pp. 24–45). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
MacIntyre, P. D. (2002). Motivation, anxiety and emotion in second language acquisition. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Individual differences in second language acquisition (pp. 45–68). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. (1989). Anxiety and second language learning: Toward a theoretical clarification. Language Learning, 39(2), 251-275.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Language anxiety: Its relation to other anxieties and to processing in native and second languages. LanguageLearning, 41(4), 513–534.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994).The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language.Language Learning, 44(2), 283–305.
Mackey, A., &Gass, S. (2016). Second language research: Methodology and design (2nd Ed.). New York: Tylor and Francis.
Matsumuto, K. (1987). Factors involved in the L2 learning process. Japan Association for Language Teaching Journal, 11(2), 167-192.
Oxford, R. L. (1992). Who are our students? A synthesis of foreign and second language research on individual differences with implications for instructional practice.TESL Canada Journal, 9(2), 30-49.
Oxford, R. L. (1999). Anxiety and the language learner: New insights. In J. Arnold (Ed.), Affect in language learning (pp. 58–67). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (3rd Ed.). Berkshire: McGraw-Hill House.
Pramuktiyono, A., & Wardhono, A. (2016). Foreign Language Anxiety and Beliefs of EFL Learners At Indonesia. Indonesian EFL Journal: Journal of ELT, Linguistics, and Literature, 2(1):14-36.
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (2010).Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics (4th Ed.). Edinburg: Pearson Education.
Salehi, M., &Marefat, F. (2014). The effects of foreign language anxiety and test anxiety on foreign language test performance. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(5), 931-940.
Sarason, I. G. (1975). The test anxiety scale: Concept and research. In I. G. Sarason& C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (pp. 193-217). Washington: Hemisphere.
Scovel, T. (1978). The effect of affect on foreign language learning: A review of the anxiety research. Language Learning, 28(1), 129-142.
Sieber, J. E. (1980). Defining test anxiety: Problems and approaches. In I. G. Sarason (Ed.).Test anxiety: Theory, research and applications (pp. 15-42). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Skehan, P. (1989). Individual differences in second language learning. London: Edward Arnold.
Spielberger, C. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Young, D. J. (1999).Affect in foreign language and second language learning. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Published
2017-09-28
How to Cite
Ajideh, P., Yaghoubi-Notash, M., & Khalili, A. (2017). Anxiety: A Source of Test Bias?. Indonesian EFL Journal: Journal of ELT, Linguistics, and Literature, 3(1), 99-122. Retrieved from https://ejournal.kopertais4.or.id/mataraman/index.php/efi/article/view/2870
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