Kepemimpinan Kolektivistik
Abstrak
Kepemimpinan kolektivistik menunjuk pada suatu aliran kepemimpinan yang mengambil perspektif “kita†dalam kepemimpinan. Artikel ini mengkaji lima aliran kepemimpinan kolektif, yaitu kepemimpinan tim, kepemimpinan jaringan, kepemimpinan bersama, kepemimpinan rumit dan kepemimpinan kolektif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan masing-masing aliran memiliki kekuatan dan kelemahan, baik secara umum, dalam sain maupun dalam praktik, serta memiliki implikasi praktis. Artikel ini akan membantu pimpinan organisasi untuk mengenali konteks yang cocok dengan penerapan masing-masing pendekatan kepemimpinan kolektif.
Referensi
Ahearne, M., Mathieu, J., & Rapp, A. 2005. To empower or not to empower your sales force? An empirical examination of the influence of leadership empowerment behavior on customer satisfaction and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology
Balkundi, P. & Kilduff, M. 2005. The ties that lead: A social network approach to leadership. Leadership Quarterly
Balkundi, P., & Harrison, D. A. 2006. Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structure’s effects on team viability and performance. Academy of Management Journal
Brass, D. J. 1984. Being in the right place: A structural analysis of individual influence in an organization. Administrative Science Quarterly
Brass, D. J., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H. R., & Tsai, W. 2004. Taking stock of networks and organizations: A multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Journal
Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Klein, C., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E., & Halpin, S. M. 2006. What type ofleadership behaviors are functional in teams? A meta-analysis. Leadership Quarterly
Carson, J., Tesluk, P., & Marrone, J. 2007. Shared leadership in teams: An investigation of antecedent conditions and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 1217–1234/
Chen, G., Sharma, P. N., Edinger, S. K., Shapiro, D. L., & Farh, J. L. 2010. Motivating and demotivating forces in teams: Cross-level influences of empowering leadership and relationship conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology
Connaughton, S. L. & Shuffler, M. 2007. Multinational and multicultural distributed teams: A review and future agenda. Small Group Research
Crevani, L., Lindgren, M., & Packendorff, J. 2007. Shared leadership: A post-heroic perspective on leadership as a collective construction. International Journal of Leadership Studies
Day, D. V., Gronn, P., & Salas, E. 2004. Leadership capacity in teams. Leadership Quarterly
DeChurch, L. A., & Marks, M. A. 2006. Leadership in multiteam systems. Journal of Applied Psychology
DeChurch, L. A., & Mathieu, J. E. 2008. Thinking in terms of multiteam systems. In E. Salas, G. F. Goodwin, & C. S. Burke (Eds.), Team effectiveness in complex organizations: Cross-disciplinary perspectives and approaches (pp. 267–289). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
DeChurch, L. A., Burke, C. S., Shuffler, M. L., Lyons, R., Doty, D., & Salas, E. 2011. A historiometric analysis of leadership in mission critical multi-team environments. Leadership Quarterly
DeRue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N., &Humphrey, S. E. 2011. Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel Psychology
Ensley, M. D., Hmieleski, K. M., & Pearce, C. L. 2006. The importance of vertical and shared leadership within new venture top management teams: Implications for the performance of startups. Leadership Quarterly
Foushee, H. C. 1984. Dyads and triads at 35,000 feet: Factors affecting group process and aircrew performance. American Psychologist
Friedrich, T. L., Vessey, W. B., Schuelke, M. J., Ruark, G. A., & Mumford, M. D. 2009. A framework for understanding collective leadership: The selective utilization of leader and team expertise within networks. Leadership Quarterly
George, V., Burke, L. J., Rodgers, B., Duthie, N., Hoffmann, M. L., Koceja, V., et al. 2002. Developing staff nurse shared leadership behavior in professional nursing practice. Nursing Administration Quarterly
Gronn, P. 2002. Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 423–451.
Hiller, N. J., Day, D. V., & Vance, R. J. 2006. Collective enactment of leadership roles and team effectiveness: A field study. Leadership Quarterly
Klein, K. J., Ziegert, J. C., Knight, A. P., & Xiao, Y. 2006. Dynamic delegation: Shared, hierarchical, and deindividualized leadership in extreme action teams. Administrative Science Quarterly
Kozlowski, S. W., Gully, S. M., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. 1996. Team leadership and development: Theory, principles, and guidelines for training leaders and teams. Advances in interdisciplinary studies of work teams: Team leadership
Kumpfer, K. L., Turner, C., Hopkins, R., & Librett, J. 1993. Leadership and team effectiveness in community coalitions for the prevention of alcohol and other drug abuse. Health Education Research
LePine, J. A., Buckman, B. R., Crawford, E. R., & Methot, J. R. 2011. A review of research on personality in teams: Accounting for pathways spanning levels of theory and analysis. Human Resource Management Review
Lichtenstein, B., Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., Seers, A., Orton, J., & Schreiber, C. 2006. Complexity leadership theory: An interactive perspective on leading in complex adaptive systems. Emergence: Complexity & Organization
Marion, R., & Uhl-Bien, M. 2001. Leadership in complex organizations. Leadership Quarterly, Marion, R., & Uhl-Bien, M. 2003. Complexity theory and Al-Qaeda: Examining complex leadership. Emergence
Marks, M. A., DeChurch, L. A., Mathieu, J. E., Panzer, F. J., & Alonso, A. 2005. Teamwork in multiteam systems. Journal of Applied Psychology
Marrone, J. A. 2010. Team boundary spanning: A multilevel review of past research and proposals for the future. Journal of Management
Mathieu, J. E., Gilson, L. L., & Ruddy, T. M. 2006. Empowerment and team effectiveness: An empirical test of an integrated model. Journal of Applied Psychology
Mathieu, J. E., Marks, M. A., & Zaccaro, S. J. 2002. Multi-team systems. In N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvarian (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work, and organizational psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 289–313). London, England: Sage.
Mehra, A., Smith, B. R., Dixon, A. L., & Robertson, B. 2006. Distributed leadership in teams: The network of leadership perceptions and team performance. Leadership Quarterly
Millikin, J. P., Hom, P. W., & Manz, C. C. 2010. Self-management competencies in self-managing teams: Their impact on multi-team system productivity. Leadership Quarterly
Morgeson, F. P., DeRue, D. S., & Karam, E. P. 2010. Leadership in teams: A functional approach to understanding leadership structures and processes. Journal of Management
Neubert, M. J., & Taggar, S. 2004. Pathways to informal leadership: The moderating role of gender on the relationship of individual differences and team member network centrality to informal leadership emergence. Leadership Quarterly
O’Toole, J., Galbraith, J., & Lawler, E. 2002. When two (or more) heads are better than one: The promise and pitfalls of shared leadership. California Management Review
Pearce, C. L. 2004. The future of leadership: Combining vertical and shared leadership to transform knowledge work. Academy of Management Executive
Pearce, C. L., & Conger, J. A. 2003. Shared leadership: Reframing the hows and whys of leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pearce, C. L., & Sims Jr, H. P. 2002. Vertical versus shared leadership as predictors of the effectiveness of change management teams: An examination of aversive, directive, transactional, transformational, and empowering leader behaviors. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
Pearce, C. L., Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P., Jr. 2008. The roles of vertical and shared leadership in the enactment of executive corruption: Implications for research and practice. Leadership Quarterly
Perry, M. L., Pearce, C. L., & Sims Jr, H. P. 1999. Empowered selling teams: How shared leadership can contribute to selling team outcomes. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management
Salas & Cannon-Bowers 2001 Salas, E. & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. 2001. The science of training: A decade of progress. Annual Review of Psychology
Salas, E., DiazGranados, D., Klein, C., Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Goodwin, G. F., et al. 2008. Does team training improve team performance? A meta analysis. Human Factors
Salas, E., Guthrie, J. W., Wilson, K. A., Priest, H. A., & Burke, C. S. 2005. Modeling team performance: The basic ingredients and research needs. In W. B. Rouse, & K. R. Boff (Eds.), Organizational simulation (pp. 185–228). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Sivasubramaniam, N., Murry, W. D., Avolio, B. J., & Jung, D. I. 2002. A longitudinal model of the effects of team leadership and group potency on group performance. Group & Organization Management
Uhl-Bien, M. 2006. Relational leadership theory: Exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing. Leadership Quarterly
Uhl-Bien, M., & Marion, R. 2009. Complexity leadership in bureaucratic forms of organizing: A meso model. Leadership Quarterly
Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., & McKelvey, B. 2007. Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era. Leadership Quarterly, 18, 298–318.
Vecchio, R. P, Justin, J. E., & Pearce, C. L. 2010. Empowering leadership: An examination of mediating mechanisms within a hierarchical structure. Leadership Quarterly
Vessey, W. B., Friedrich, T. L., Schuelke, M. J., Mumford, M. D., Yammarino, F. J., & Ruark, G. A. 2011. Collective leadership and George C. Marshall: A historiometric analysis of career events. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Yammarino, F. J., & Dansereau, F. 2008. Multi-level nature of and multi-level approaches to leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 19, 135–141; Yammarino, F. J., & Dansereau, F. 2009. A new kind of OB (organizational behavior). Research in Multi-Level Issues, 8 (Multi-Level Issues in Organizational Behavior and Leadership),
Yammarino, F. J., Mumford, M. D., Vessey, W. B., Friedrich, T. L., Ruark, G. A., & Brunner, J. M. 2010. Collective leadership measurement for the U.S. Army. Technical Report, Contract No. W91WAW-09-C-0090. Arlington, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
Yukl, G. 2009. Leadership in organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Zaccaro, S. J., Rittman, A. L., & Marks, M. A. 2001. Team leadership. Leadership Quarterly
Zohar, D., & Tenne-Gazit, O. 2008. Transformational leadership and group interaction as climate antecedents: A social network analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology
Balkundi, P. & Kilduff, M. 2005. The ties that lead: A social network approach to leadership. Leadership Quarterly
Balkundi, P., & Harrison, D. A. 2006. Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structure’s effects on team viability and performance. Academy of Management Journal
Brass, D. J. 1984. Being in the right place: A structural analysis of individual influence in an organization. Administrative Science Quarterly
Brass, D. J., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H. R., & Tsai, W. 2004. Taking stock of networks and organizations: A multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Journal
Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Klein, C., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E., & Halpin, S. M. 2006. What type ofleadership behaviors are functional in teams? A meta-analysis. Leadership Quarterly
Carson, J., Tesluk, P., & Marrone, J. 2007. Shared leadership in teams: An investigation of antecedent conditions and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 1217–1234/
Chen, G., Sharma, P. N., Edinger, S. K., Shapiro, D. L., & Farh, J. L. 2010. Motivating and demotivating forces in teams: Cross-level influences of empowering leadership and relationship conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology
Connaughton, S. L. & Shuffler, M. 2007. Multinational and multicultural distributed teams: A review and future agenda. Small Group Research
Crevani, L., Lindgren, M., & Packendorff, J. 2007. Shared leadership: A post-heroic perspective on leadership as a collective construction. International Journal of Leadership Studies
Day, D. V., Gronn, P., & Salas, E. 2004. Leadership capacity in teams. Leadership Quarterly
DeChurch, L. A., & Marks, M. A. 2006. Leadership in multiteam systems. Journal of Applied Psychology
DeChurch, L. A., & Mathieu, J. E. 2008. Thinking in terms of multiteam systems. In E. Salas, G. F. Goodwin, & C. S. Burke (Eds.), Team effectiveness in complex organizations: Cross-disciplinary perspectives and approaches (pp. 267–289). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
DeChurch, L. A., Burke, C. S., Shuffler, M. L., Lyons, R., Doty, D., & Salas, E. 2011. A historiometric analysis of leadership in mission critical multi-team environments. Leadership Quarterly
DeRue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N., &Humphrey, S. E. 2011. Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel Psychology
Ensley, M. D., Hmieleski, K. M., & Pearce, C. L. 2006. The importance of vertical and shared leadership within new venture top management teams: Implications for the performance of startups. Leadership Quarterly
Foushee, H. C. 1984. Dyads and triads at 35,000 feet: Factors affecting group process and aircrew performance. American Psychologist
Friedrich, T. L., Vessey, W. B., Schuelke, M. J., Ruark, G. A., & Mumford, M. D. 2009. A framework for understanding collective leadership: The selective utilization of leader and team expertise within networks. Leadership Quarterly
George, V., Burke, L. J., Rodgers, B., Duthie, N., Hoffmann, M. L., Koceja, V., et al. 2002. Developing staff nurse shared leadership behavior in professional nursing practice. Nursing Administration Quarterly
Gronn, P. 2002. Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 423–451.
Hiller, N. J., Day, D. V., & Vance, R. J. 2006. Collective enactment of leadership roles and team effectiveness: A field study. Leadership Quarterly
Klein, K. J., Ziegert, J. C., Knight, A. P., & Xiao, Y. 2006. Dynamic delegation: Shared, hierarchical, and deindividualized leadership in extreme action teams. Administrative Science Quarterly
Kozlowski, S. W., Gully, S. M., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. 1996. Team leadership and development: Theory, principles, and guidelines for training leaders and teams. Advances in interdisciplinary studies of work teams: Team leadership
Kumpfer, K. L., Turner, C., Hopkins, R., & Librett, J. 1993. Leadership and team effectiveness in community coalitions for the prevention of alcohol and other drug abuse. Health Education Research
LePine, J. A., Buckman, B. R., Crawford, E. R., & Methot, J. R. 2011. A review of research on personality in teams: Accounting for pathways spanning levels of theory and analysis. Human Resource Management Review
Lichtenstein, B., Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., Seers, A., Orton, J., & Schreiber, C. 2006. Complexity leadership theory: An interactive perspective on leading in complex adaptive systems. Emergence: Complexity & Organization
Marion, R., & Uhl-Bien, M. 2001. Leadership in complex organizations. Leadership Quarterly, Marion, R., & Uhl-Bien, M. 2003. Complexity theory and Al-Qaeda: Examining complex leadership. Emergence
Marks, M. A., DeChurch, L. A., Mathieu, J. E., Panzer, F. J., & Alonso, A. 2005. Teamwork in multiteam systems. Journal of Applied Psychology
Marrone, J. A. 2010. Team boundary spanning: A multilevel review of past research and proposals for the future. Journal of Management
Mathieu, J. E., Gilson, L. L., & Ruddy, T. M. 2006. Empowerment and team effectiveness: An empirical test of an integrated model. Journal of Applied Psychology
Mathieu, J. E., Marks, M. A., & Zaccaro, S. J. 2002. Multi-team systems. In N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvarian (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work, and organizational psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 289–313). London, England: Sage.
Mehra, A., Smith, B. R., Dixon, A. L., & Robertson, B. 2006. Distributed leadership in teams: The network of leadership perceptions and team performance. Leadership Quarterly
Millikin, J. P., Hom, P. W., & Manz, C. C. 2010. Self-management competencies in self-managing teams: Their impact on multi-team system productivity. Leadership Quarterly
Morgeson, F. P., DeRue, D. S., & Karam, E. P. 2010. Leadership in teams: A functional approach to understanding leadership structures and processes. Journal of Management
Neubert, M. J., & Taggar, S. 2004. Pathways to informal leadership: The moderating role of gender on the relationship of individual differences and team member network centrality to informal leadership emergence. Leadership Quarterly
O’Toole, J., Galbraith, J., & Lawler, E. 2002. When two (or more) heads are better than one: The promise and pitfalls of shared leadership. California Management Review
Pearce, C. L. 2004. The future of leadership: Combining vertical and shared leadership to transform knowledge work. Academy of Management Executive
Pearce, C. L., & Conger, J. A. 2003. Shared leadership: Reframing the hows and whys of leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pearce, C. L., & Sims Jr, H. P. 2002. Vertical versus shared leadership as predictors of the effectiveness of change management teams: An examination of aversive, directive, transactional, transformational, and empowering leader behaviors. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
Pearce, C. L., Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P., Jr. 2008. The roles of vertical and shared leadership in the enactment of executive corruption: Implications for research and practice. Leadership Quarterly
Perry, M. L., Pearce, C. L., & Sims Jr, H. P. 1999. Empowered selling teams: How shared leadership can contribute to selling team outcomes. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management
Salas & Cannon-Bowers 2001 Salas, E. & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. 2001. The science of training: A decade of progress. Annual Review of Psychology
Salas, E., DiazGranados, D., Klein, C., Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Goodwin, G. F., et al. 2008. Does team training improve team performance? A meta analysis. Human Factors
Salas, E., Guthrie, J. W., Wilson, K. A., Priest, H. A., & Burke, C. S. 2005. Modeling team performance: The basic ingredients and research needs. In W. B. Rouse, & K. R. Boff (Eds.), Organizational simulation (pp. 185–228). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Sivasubramaniam, N., Murry, W. D., Avolio, B. J., & Jung, D. I. 2002. A longitudinal model of the effects of team leadership and group potency on group performance. Group & Organization Management
Uhl-Bien, M. 2006. Relational leadership theory: Exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing. Leadership Quarterly
Uhl-Bien, M., & Marion, R. 2009. Complexity leadership in bureaucratic forms of organizing: A meso model. Leadership Quarterly
Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., & McKelvey, B. 2007. Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era. Leadership Quarterly, 18, 298–318.
Vecchio, R. P, Justin, J. E., & Pearce, C. L. 2010. Empowering leadership: An examination of mediating mechanisms within a hierarchical structure. Leadership Quarterly
Vessey, W. B., Friedrich, T. L., Schuelke, M. J., Mumford, M. D., Yammarino, F. J., & Ruark, G. A. 2011. Collective leadership and George C. Marshall: A historiometric analysis of career events. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Yammarino, F. J., & Dansereau, F. 2008. Multi-level nature of and multi-level approaches to leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 19, 135–141; Yammarino, F. J., & Dansereau, F. 2009. A new kind of OB (organizational behavior). Research in Multi-Level Issues, 8 (Multi-Level Issues in Organizational Behavior and Leadership),
Yammarino, F. J., Mumford, M. D., Vessey, W. B., Friedrich, T. L., Ruark, G. A., & Brunner, J. M. 2010. Collective leadership measurement for the U.S. Army. Technical Report, Contract No. W91WAW-09-C-0090. Arlington, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
Yukl, G. 2009. Leadership in organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Zaccaro, S. J., Rittman, A. L., & Marks, M. A. 2001. Team leadership. Leadership Quarterly
Zohar, D., & Tenne-Gazit, O. 2008. Transformational leadership and group interaction as climate antecedents: A social network analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology
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2019-08-26
##submission.howToCite##
Audah, A. (2019). Kepemimpinan Kolektivistik. Jurnal Ats-Tsaqofi, 1(1), 12-40. Diambil dari https://ejournal.kopertais4.or.id/mataraman/index.php/tsaqofi/article/view/3709
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